{"id":467,"date":"2021-09-21T17:47:46","date_gmt":"2021-09-21T17:47:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.com\/vaccines\/?page_id=467"},"modified":"2023-07-07T15:11:35","modified_gmt":"2023-07-07T15:11:35","slug":"teachers-and-parents","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/modules-2\/measles\/teachers-and-parents\/","title":{"rendered":"Teachers and parents"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-contents\">Contents<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#measles\">Measles<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#signs\">Signs and symptoms<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#transmission\">Transmission of measles<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#complications\">Complications from measles<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#elimination-outbreaks\">Elimination\u2013and recent outbreaks<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#stories\">Stories of families impacted by measles<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#measles-vaccine\">Measles vaccine<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#vaccine-safety\">Safety<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#vaccine-effectiveness\">Effectiveness<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#wakefield-paper\">Wakefield et al. paper<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#extension\">Areas for discussion and activities with students<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#resources\">Resources<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#references\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-links-to-alberta-curriculum\">Links to Alberta Curriculum<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Grade 8<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul><li>I can interpret the healthy function of human body systems, and illustrate ways the body reacts to internal and external stimuli<\/li><li>I can describe areas of scientific investigation leading to new knowledge about body systems and to new medical applications<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><strong>Grades 8 and 9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I can apply the research process<\/p>\n<ul><li>Integrate and synthesize concepts to provide an informed point of view on a research question or an issue<\/li><li>Determine how information serves a variety of purposes and that the accuracy or relevance of information may need verification<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><strong>Grade 9<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul><li>I can describe the effect of: bias; use of language; ethics; cost; time and timing; privacy; and cultural sensitivity on the collection of data.<\/li><li>I can demonstrate an understanding of the role of probability in society.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"measles\">Measles<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Measles<\/strong>, also called red measles or rubeola, is an infectious disease caused by the <strong>measles virus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"signs\">Signs and symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The average <strong>incubation period<\/strong> (the time from infection to the onset of signs and symptoms) of measles is generally <strong>10\u201312 days<\/strong> (Moss, 2017). Measles begins with a fever, <strong>cough<\/strong>, <strong>coryza<\/strong> (runny nose), and <strong>conjunctivitis<\/strong> (pink eye), and within 3\u20134 days, a distinctive <strong>red rash<\/strong> appears on the face and behind the ears, and then spreads down the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped alignwide wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" data-id=\"721\" src=\"https:\/\/vaccineconfidence.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3796080398_f5d6e4471f_o-e1632970998776-edited-768x768-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3796080398_f5d6e4471f_o-e1632970998776-edited-768x768-2.jpg 768w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3796080398_f5d6e4471f_o-e1632970998776-edited-768x768-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3796080398_f5d6e4471f_o-e1632970998776-edited-768x768-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3796080398_f5d6e4471f_o-e1632970998776-edited-768x768-2-600x600.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Illustration of red rash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"546\" data-id=\"871\" src=\"https:\/\/vaccineconfidence.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/21074_lores.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/21074_lores.jpg 700w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/21074_lores-300x234.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Spherical measles virus particle (3D graphic)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Image credits:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/14277117@N03\/3796080398\">Sue Clark<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/phil.cdc.gov\/Details.aspx?pid=21074\">Alissa Eckert<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"transmission\">Transmission<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The measles virus spreads from person to person through small <strong>airborne and respiratory droplets<\/strong> (from breathing, speaking, sneezing, or coughing) that can remain suspended in the air for up to <strong>2 hours<\/strong> (Moss, 2017). The <strong>infectious period<\/strong> (the time when the measles virus can be spread) lasts for <strong>about 4 days before and after the red rash appears<\/strong>, which increases the contagiousness of the measles virus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measles is <strong>one of the most contagious infectious diseases worldwide<\/strong>. The basic reproductive number (R<sub>0<\/sub>, the average number of secondary infections resulting from one typical infection in a susceptible population) of measles has been estimated to be <strong>9\u201318<\/strong> depending on setting (e.g., degree and frequency of contact) (Moss, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To achieve <strong>herd immunity<\/strong>, which interrupts the transmission of measles and protects those who cannot be vaccinated (e.g., infants &lt;1 year of age and those with compromised immune systems), a population immunity threshold of 89\u201394% is required through vaccination or natural infection (Moss, 2017).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"complications\">Complications from measles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measles can be serious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-complications\">Common complications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ear infections (~10% of children with measles)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diarrhea (&lt;10% of people with measles)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"serious-complications\">Serious complications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hospitalization (~1 in 5 people)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pneumonia (~1 in 20 children)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encephalitis (1 in 1000 children)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Death (1\u20133 in 1000 children)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complications during pregnancy including low birth weight and preterm birth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">(CDC, 2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"who-is-at-highest-risk\">Who is at highest risk?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Young children &lt;5 years of age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adults &gt;20 years of age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnant individuals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People with compromised immune systems (e.g., individuals with cancer or transplants who are taking immunosuppressive therapy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People who are undernourished<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">(Moss, 2017)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"immune-amnesia\">Immune amnesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measles infection is thought to damage and suppress the immune system by wiping out antibodies developed against pathogens that a person has previously been exposed to. This wiping-out of immune memory has been called <strong>immune amnesia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Inside Immune Amnesia\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q_tVZbgcV7s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">New research in the journal <em>Science<\/em> from the lab of Stephen Elledge at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital reveals how measles infection reduces protection against other diseases. Read more at <a href=\"https:\/\/hms.harvard.edu\/news\/inside-immune-amnesia\">Harvard Medical School<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"elimination-outbreaks\">Elimination\u2013and recent outbreaks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Canada, measles has been <strong>eliminated<\/strong> since 1998 (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent years, vaccine hesitancy as well as complacency about the risks of vaccine-preventable diseases have led to declines in measles vaccination rates, resulting in outbreaks in both Canada and the United States (Phadke, Bednarczyk, &amp; Omer, 2020; Public Health Agency of Canada, 2019).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outbreaks<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\" id=\"stories\">Stories of families impacted by measles<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"laurie-s-vaccination-story\">Laurie&#8217;s vaccination story<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Laurie\u2019s vaccination story\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XVVNRWqyHB8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Laurie shares her story about measles. (Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/video\/laurie-story.html\">Government of Canada<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"maggie-s-story\">Maggie&#8217;s story<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Maggie (A Measles Story)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RYubq43h9nE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dr. Tim Jacks, a pediatrician from Arizona, tells the story of his young daughter Maggie and how she needed to be protected from measles while also fighting cancer. (Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/vaccinateyourfamily.org\/testimonials\/maggie\/\">Vaccinate Your Family<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:18% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"245\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Mobius_measles_IG-1-245x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1314 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Mobius_measles_IG-1-245x300.png 245w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Mobius_measles_IG-1-835x1024.png 835w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Mobius_measles_IG-1-768x942.png 768w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Mobius_measles_IG-1-1252x1536.png 1252w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Mobius_measles_IG-1.png 1454w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mobius&#8217; story<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.227), 16px);\">Mobius&#8217; parents shared their family&#8217;s story with the California Immunization Coalition at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shotbyshot.org\/stories\/mobius-story\/\">ShotByShot.org<\/a><br><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"measles-vaccine\">Measles vaccine<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The measles vaccine is the safest and most effective way to prevent measles (Moss, 2017). Usually, the measles vaccine is combined with other vaccines in the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The MMR vaccine contains weakened parts of these viruses that do not cause severe illness in people with healthy immune systems. After getting the vaccine, the body will create antibodies that recognize and fight these viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vaccine-effectiveness\">The measles vaccine is safe and effective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before the measles vaccine was used widely beginning in the 1980s, more than 2 million people worldwide died of measles each year (Moss, 2017). Today, more than 100,000 people worldwide die of measles each year. Increased global vaccine coverage is decreasing measles cases and deaths (World Health Organization, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measles cases in Canada have decreased by &gt;99% because of the measles vaccine (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vaccineconfidence.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/vaccineswork.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1033\" width=\"459\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/vaccineswork.jpg 612w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/vaccineswork-232x300.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Infographic: Vaccines Work<\/strong><br>(Image credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/vaccines-work-infographic.html\">Public Health Agency of Canada<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mmr-vaccine-does-not-cause-autism\">MMR vaccine does not cause autism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many studies have found that there is <strong>no evidence that vaccines\u2013including the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine\u2013cause autism<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of these claims stem from a paper that was ultimately retracted from <em>The Lancet<\/em> (Wakefield et al., 1998) and whose lead author, Andrew Wakefield, was found to have engaged in scientific misconduct. As a result, Wakefield&#8217;s medical license was revoked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/p4028.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Evidence Shows Vaccines Unrelated to Autism (evidence summary by the Immunization Action Coalition, www.immunize.org).\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-57ca8b8c-cb08-41f5-ab9f-0779a6b85df9\" href=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/p4028.pdf\">Evidence Shows Vaccines Unrelated to Autism (evidence summary by the Immunization Action Coalition, www.immunize.org)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/p4028.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-57ca8b8c-cb08-41f5-ab9f-0779a6b85df9\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wakefield-paper\">Wakefield et al. paper<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wakefield-background\">Background<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1998, a prominent medical journal,&nbsp;the <em>Lancet<\/em>, published a case series (Wakefield et al., 1998) assembled by Andrew Wakefield and others. The paper reported on 12 children with gastrointestinal symptoms, and suggested a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wakefield-retraction\">Refutation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not longer after the Wakefield et al. paper was published, concerns were raised and research was conducted that refuted Wakefield et al.&#8217;s suggested link between MMR vaccine and autism (Rao &amp; Andrade, 2011; Taylor et al., 1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wakefield-retraction\">Retraction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2004, 10 of 12 co-authors of the paper issued a retraction statement that addressed some of these concerns: &#8220;no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient&#8221; (Murch et al., 2004; Rao &amp; Andrade, 2011). The <em>Lancet<\/em> also acknowledged that Wakefield et al. failed to disclose conflicts of interest (Horton, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Wakefield et al. paper was fully retracted by&nbsp;the<em> Lancet<\/em>&nbsp;in 2010 (The Editors of the Lancet, 2010). By this time, it was established that Wakefield et al. had committed ethical misconduct, by failing to obtain necessary ethical clearance, as well as scientific misconduct, by misrepresenting how participants were recruited (Rao &amp; Andrade, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wakefield-consequences\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Wakefield et al. paper has had lasting consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the United Kingdom, MMR vaccination rates hit a low in 2003\u20132004 (Cockman, 2011). It has taken considerable public health intervention to counter increase vaccination rates. Cockman (2011) provides a quality improvement report for a London Borough that outlines how the rates for the first MMR vaccine before 2 years of age increased from 80% in September 2009 to 94% in March 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vaccine hesitancy, skepticism, and refusal continue to be significant factors in preventable outbreaks of measles around the world (Phadke et al., 2020).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"595\" height=\"842\" src=\"https:\/\/vaccineconfidence.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Wakefield-et-al.-1998-RETRACTED-Ileal-lymphoid-nodular-hyperplasia-non-specific-colitis-and-pervasive-developmental-disorder-in-children-dragged.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1012\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Wakefield-et-al.-1998-RETRACTED-Ileal-lymphoid-nodular-hyperplasia-non-specific-colitis-and-pervasive-developmental-disorder-in-children-dragged.jpg 595w, https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Wakefield-et-al.-1998-RETRACTED-Ileal-lymphoid-nodular-hyperplasia-non-specific-colitis-and-pervasive-developmental-disorder-in-children-dragged-212x300.jpg 212w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., \u2026 Walker-Smith, J. A. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.&nbsp;<em>The Lancet, 351<\/em>, 637\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)11096-0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\" id=\"extension\">Areas for discussion with students and further activities<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-possible-areas-for-discussion-and-activities-with-students\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ethics and conflicts of interest<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scientific rigor and integrity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study design<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sample selection and representativeness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-c020569f wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group hanging-indent\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\">\n<p>CDC. (2020). <em>Complications of measles.<\/em> Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/measles\/symptoms\/complications.html<\/p>\n<p>Cockman, P., Dawson, L., Mathur, R., &amp; Hull, S. (2011). Improving MMR vaccination rates: herd immunity is a realistic goal.&nbsp;<em>BMJ&nbsp;<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>343<\/em>, d5703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d5703<\/p>\n<p>Horton, R. (2004). A statement by the editors of The Lancet [Review of&nbsp;<em>A statement by the editors of The Lancet<\/em>].&nbsp;<em>The Lancet<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>363<\/em>(9411), 820\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15699-7<\/p>\n<p>Kooistra, B., Dijkman, B., Einhorn, T. A., &amp; Bhandari, M. (2009). How to design a good case series.&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 91<\/em>, 21\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.H.01573<\/p>\n<p>Moss, W. J. (2017). Measles.&nbsp;<em>The Lancet, 390<\/em>, 2490\u20132502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31463-0<\/p>\n<p>Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Casson, D. H., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A. P., Thomson, M. A., Valentine, A., Davies, S. E., &amp; Walker-Smith, J. A. (2004). Retraction of an interpretation.&nbsp;<em>The Lancet<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>363<\/em>(9411), 750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15715-2<\/p>\n<p>Phadke, V. K., Bednarczyk, R. A., &amp; Omer, S. B. (2020). Vaccine Refusal and Measles Outbreaks in the US.&nbsp;<em>Journal of the American Medical Association, 324<\/em>(13), 1344\u20131345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.14828<\/p>\n<p>Public Health Agency of Canada. (2019, April 8).&nbsp;<em>Measles in Canada.<\/em>&nbsp;Retrieved from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/diseases\/measles\/measles-in-canada.html<\/p>\n<p>Rao, T. S. S., &amp; Andrade, C. (2011). The MMR vaccine and autism: Sensation, refutation, retraction, and fraud.&nbsp;<em>Indian Journal of Psychiatry<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>53<\/em>(2), 95\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5545.82529<\/p>\n<p>Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C. P., Petropoulos, M. C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., &amp; Waight, P. A. (1999). Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association.&nbsp;<em>The Lancet<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>353<\/em>(9169), 2026\u20132029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)01239-8<\/p>\n<p>The Editors of The Lancet. (2010). Retraction&#8211;Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.&nbsp;<em>The Lancet, 375<\/em>, 445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60175-4<\/p>\n<p>Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., \u2026 Walker-Smith, J. A. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.&nbsp;<em>The Lancet, 351<\/em>, 637\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)11096-0<\/p>\n<p>World Health Organization. (2019). <em>Measles.<\/em> Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/measles<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Contents Links to Alberta Curriculum Grade 8 I can interpret the healthy function of human body systems, and illustrate ways the body reacts to internal and external stimuli I can describe areas of scientific investigation leading to new knowledge about body systems and to new medical applications Grades 8 and 9 I can apply the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1987,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-467","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=467"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2491,"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/467\/revisions\/2491"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/communityscienceliaison.ca\/vaccines\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}